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«الشيخ والبحر - الفصل 6: وصول أسماك القرش» (الفصل 16) من منهج اللغة الإنجليزية للصف الأول الثانوي. الملخص مقسّم لـ: 1. Learning Objectives، 2. Vocabulary List، 3. Grammar Rules، 4. Language Skills & Functions، 5. Solved Exercises.
1. Learning Objectives
- فهم النص المقروء: تمكين الطالب من استيعاب تفاصيل قصة “The Sharks Arrive” وتحديد الأحداث الرئيسية.
- استخراج المفردات الصعبة: تعريف الطالب بالمفردات الجديدة في النص وتدريبهم على استخدامها في جمل صحيحة.
- تحليل القيم والموضوعات: التعرف على القيم الأخلاقية (الشجاعة، الإصرار، الكرامة) والموضوعات الأدبية (الصراع، الفقدان، الأمل).
- التعرف على التعابير الاصطلاحية: شرح معنى idioms/expressions الواردة في النص وتطبيقها في سياقات أخرى.
- تطبيق قواعد النحو: مراجعة القواعد النحوية المستخدمة في النص (past simple, past continuous, reported speech, verb‑ing as adjective).
- الإجابة على أسئلة الفهم والتمارين: تدريب الطالب على حل أسئلة الاختيار من متعدد، ملء الفراغات، والأسئلة المفتوحة بدقة.
2. Vocabulary List
| English Word | Arabic Meaning | Example Sentence (from the text) |
|---|---|---|
| skiff | قارب صغير | “Santiago’s small skiff sailed steadily toward the shore.” |
| marlin | مارلين (نوع من الأسماك) | “The giant marlin was tied beside the boat.” |
| mako shark | قرش ماكو (سريع وقوي) | “It was a mako shark, fast and strong, following the marlin’s trail of blood.” |
| galanos (shovel‑nosed sharks) | قرش جالانو (قروش ذات أنف مجرف) | “A pair of galanos—shovel‑nosed sharks—rose from the deep.” |
| harpoon | رمح صيد (حربة) | “Santiago drove the harpoon down into the shark’s head.” |
| spear | رمح | “He tied his knife to an oar and used it as a spear.” |
| tiller | مقود (عصا توجيه القارب) | “He swung the tiller, then even the broken pieces of wood.” |
| splinter | شظية، يتفتت | “The oar‑spear splintered, then he used the tiller.” |
| skeleton | هيكل عظمي | “The marlin’s skeleton glowed white in the moonlight.” |
| pride | فخر | “His pride lies in never giving up.” |
| dignity | كرامة | “He had not lost his dignity.” |
| persistence | إصرار | “Persistence despite loss: He refuses to stop even when hopeless.” |
| courage | شجاعة | “Courage against destruction: Santiago fights to protect his catch.” |
| bitter victory | نصر مُرّ | “But the victory was bitter.” |
| inevitable | حتمي | ““So it begins,” he muttered – the start of inevitable hardship.” |
| weaponless | بلا سلاح | “Weaponless but not powerless – finding strength even with nothing.” |
| noble | نبيل | ““Too noble to lose,” he said.” |
| relentless | لا يكل | “The sharks came one after another – relentless attacks.” |
| exhausted | منهك | “Night fell again, and Santiago was exhausted beyond words.” |
3. Grammar Rules
Rule 1: Past Simple (الماضي البسيط)
Explanation (Arabic): يُستعمل للتعبير عن فعل مكتمل حدث في زمن الماضي.
Structure: الفاعل + الفعل في صيغة الماضي + المفعول به.
Examples from the text:
- “The morning sun rose as Santiago’s skiff sailed steadily.”
- “He tied the marlin beside the boat.”
Rule 2: Past Continuous (الماضي المستمر)
Explanation: يُستعمل لوصف فعل كان جارٍ في لحظة معينة من الماضي، وغالبًا ما يُقابل بفعل آخر في الماضي البسيط.
Structure: كان/كانت + الفعل + ‑ing.
Examples:
- “A dark shadow was moving swiftly beneath the surface.”
- “The shark was thrashed violently.”
Rule 3: Verb‑ing as Adjective (الاسم الفعلي)
Explanation: يُستعمل الفعل مع ‑ing كصفة لتصف حالة أو صفة شيء.
Structure: الفعل + ‑ing يَعمل كصفة قبل الاسم.
Examples:
- “The shining silver body of the marlin.”
- “The bleeding wound of the fish.”
Rule 4: Reported Speech (النقل الكلامي)
Explanation: عند نقل كلام شخص آخر يُغيّر زمن الفعل غالبًا إلى الماضي.
Structure: قال/قالت + الفاعل + الفعل في الماضي.
Examples:
- “‘So, it begins,’ he muttered.” → نقل الكلام بصيغة الماضي.
- “‘I was beaten,’ he whispered.”
Rule 5: Use of Idioms (التعابير الاصطلاحية)
Explanation: تعابير لا تُفهم حرفيًا، ويجب حفظ معناها الثقافي.
Structure: تُستعمل كجملة كاملة أو جزء من جملة.
Examples:
- “Bitter victory” → نصر مختلط بالأسى.
- “One after another” → تتابع مستمر.
4. Language Skills & Functions
| Skill | Function in the Lesson | Example from Text |
|---|---|---|
| Reading comprehension | استخراج الفكرة الرئيسية وتفاصيل القصة | سؤال: “What did Santiago fear as he sailed with the marlin?” |
| Speaking / Oral expression | التعبير عن المشاعر (الخوف، الإصرار) | “Santiago felt uneasy because he knew the sea was never generous without a price.” |
| Writing – Narrative | كتابة ملخص قصصي أو ردّ على سؤال مفتوح | سؤال: “Why does Santiago keep fighting even when the marlin is nearly gone?” |
| Functional language – Giving advice | استخدام عبارات التحفيز (e.g., “You must keep fighting”) | “He said to the boy: ‘Tomorrow, he will help me.’” |
| Functional language – Expressing opinion | استعمال idioms لتقوية المعنى | “It was a bitter victory.” |
5. Solved Exercises
Exercise 1 – Multiple Choice (Part A)
| # | Question | Answer | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | What did Santiago fear as he sailed with the marlin beside the boat? | c. Sharks would come for the blood | النص يوضح أن رائحة الدم تجذب المفترسين. |
| 2 | What kind of shark attacked first? | b. Mako shark | “It was a mako shark, fast and strong…” |
| 3 | How did Santiago kill the first shark? | c. With his harpoon | “Santiago drove the harpoon down into the shark’s head.” |
| 4 | What happened to the marlin after the first attack? | b. It lost a large piece of flesh | “The marlin had lost a great piece of flesh…” |
| 5 | What did Santiago do when his harpoon broke? | b. He tied his knife to an oar and used it as a spear | “He tied his knife to an oar and used it as a spear.” |
| 6 | What kind of sharks attacked after the mako? | c. Galanos (shovel‑nosed) | “A pair of galanos—shovel‑nosed sharks…” |
| 7 | What part of the marlin remained by afternoon? | b. Only the head and backbone | “By afternoon, the marlin was only half a fish. Its head and backbone remained.” |
| 8 | What did Santiago use after the oar‑spear broke? | a. The tiller and broken wood | “He swung the tiller, then even the broken pieces of wood.” |
| 9 | What was left of the marlin by nightfall? | b. A bloody skeleton | “The marlin’s skeleton glowed white in the moonlight.” |
| 10 | Why did Santiago say the sharks had beaten him, not the fish? | a. Because the marlin was noble, but the sharks were destroyers | “‘I was beaten,’ he whispered, ‘but only by sharks, not by the fish.’” |
Exercise 2 – Fill in the Gaps (Part C)
| # | Sentence with Gap | Correct Word | Reason |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Santiago knew the scent of ______ would call sharks. | blood | النص: “He knew the scent of blood would call predators.” |
| 2 | The first attacker was a fast and strong ______ shark. | mako | “It was a mako shark, fast and strong…” |
| 3 | Santiago drove the ______ into the shark’s head. | harpoon | “Santiago drove the harpoon into the shark’s head.” |
| 4 | After the battle, a great piece of the marlin’s ______ was gone. | flesh | “The marlin had lost a great piece of flesh.” |
| 5 | When his harpoon broke, Santiago tied his ______ to an oar. | knife | “He tied his knife to an oar.” |
| 6 | The ______ sharks (galanos) tore at the marlin’s flesh. | shovel‑nosed | “The shovel‑nosed sharks (galanos) tore at the marlin’s flesh.” |
| 7 | By afternoon, only the head and ______ of the fish remained. | backbone | “Only the head and backbone remained.” |
| 8 | Santiago fought with the oar until it ______. | splintered | “The oar‑spear splintered.” |
| 9 | The marlin’s skeleton glowed white in the ______. | moonlight | “...glowed white in the moonlight.” |
| 10 | Santiago told the fish: “They destroyed you, but not my ______.” | pride | “...but not my pride.” |
6. Common Mistakes
| Mistake | Correct Form | Why it’s Wrong |
|---|---|---|
| Using “sharks” as singular without article: “a shark came”. | “A shark came” أو “The shark came”. | في الإنجليزية يجب وضع أداة تعريف أو نكرة مع المفرد. |
| Confusing past simple مع past continuous في وصف الأحداث المتزامنة. | “While the shark was attacking, Santiago was fighting.” | الخلط يغيّر معنى التسلسل الزمني. |
| إهمال الـ “‑ing” كصفة: “the shining marlin” تُكتب “the shining marlin”. | يجب كتابة الفعل مع ‑ing عندما يُستعمل كصفة. | |
| ترجمة idiom حرفيًا: “bitter victory” → “نصر مر”. | الترجمة الصحيحة: “نصر مختلط بالمرارة”. | التعابير لا تُفهم حرفيًا. |
| نسيان الفاصلة قبل direct speech: “He said ‘I am tired’”. | “He said, ‘I am tired’.” | الفاصلة تفصل بين الفعل والكلام المنقول. |
7. Quick Revision Checklist ( bilingual )
- Read the whole story – قراءة القصة بالكامل.
- Identify main events (arrival of mako, galanos, final skeleton). – تحديد الأحداث الرئيسية.
- List new vocabulary and write Arabic meanings. – كتابة معاني المفردات.
- Memorize idioms and their meanings. – حفظ التعابير الاصطلاحية.
- Practice past simple vs past continuous with examples from the text. – تمرين على الأزمنة.
- Write one‑paragraph summary in English. – كتابة ملخص قصير.
- Answer multiple‑choice questions (Part A). – حل أسئلة الاختيار من متعدد.
- Complete fill‑in‑the‑gaps (Part C). – إكمال الفراغات.
- Prepare short oral answer for an open‑ended question (e.g., “Why does Santiago keep fighting?”). – تحضير إجابة شفهية.
- Review values: courage, persistence, dignity. – مراجعة القيم.
- Check spelling of shark types (mako, galanos). – تدقيق إملائي لأسماء القروش.
- Verify punctuation in reported speech. – مراجعة علامات الترقيم.
- Practice using idioms in new sentences. – استعمال التعابير في جمل جديدة.
بالتوفيق في امتحاناتك!
الملخص ده مكتوب بالذكاء الاصطناعي من نص الفصل في الكتاب المدرسي، وآخر تحديث ليه كان 7 أكتوبر 2026. لقيت فيه غلطة؟ ابعتهالنا على واتساب ونصلّحها. إزاي بنكتب الملخصات.